Murphy, Mark C. ‘Not Penal Substitution but Vicarious Punishment’. Faith and Philosophy 26, no. 3 (2009): 253–73. https://doi.org/10.5840/faithphil200926314. The argument of this article is that penal substitution is untenable “for conceptual reasons.” Instead, Mark Murphy offers an account of vicarious punishment, which he believes accounts for the mechanism of the atonement in a similar way to penal substitution, but does not fall foul of the … Continue reading Not penal substitution but vicarious punishment – Mark C. Murphy. Notes.